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\title{Free Software / Open Source: \\
  Information Society Opportunities for Europe?}
\author{Working group on Libre Software\thanks{
    The working group on Libre Software was created at the initiative of the
    Information Society Directorate General of the European
    Commission. The members of the group are
    Carlo Daffara (Conecta Telematica, Italy), 
    Jes�s M. Gonz�lez-Barahona (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain),
    Edmund Humenberger (G.A.M.S., Austria),
    Werner Koch (German Unix User Group, Germany), 
    Bernard Lang (INRIA, France), and 
    Ben Laurie.
    Some representatives of the European Commission services have also
    contributed with their input to this paper. They are
    Philippe Aigrain (Information Society Directorate General, Unit~E2),
    Laurent Cabirol (Information Society
    Directorate General, Unit~1), and
    Michel Lacroix (Information Society
    Directorate General, Unit~E2).
    This paper was edited by Carlo Daffara and Jes�s
    M. Gonz�lez-Barahona. The current version of this paper is
    available at http://eu.conecta.it, together with a mail
    list for discussion about it.
    }
  }
\date{April 2000\\ Version 1.2 (work in progress)}

\begin{document}
\sloppy

\maketitle

\vspace{3cm}

\begin{abstract}
Open source software is becoming the most interesting `new' phenomenon
of the entire information technology landscape, generating a level of
interest similar to that 
of the first moments of the Internet. However, as we will show in this
document, the open source software phenomenon is not historically new,
although in recent years it has reached a critical
mass, which has allowed it to enter the mainstream software market.

The impact of open source technology is expected to be quite
noticeable in the software industry, and in society as a whole.
It allows for novel development models, which have already been demonstrated 
to be especially well suited to efficiently take advantage of
the work of developers spread across all corners of the planet. 
It also enables completely new business
models, which are shaping a network of groups and companies based on
open source software development. And it has, in general, a very positive
impact as an enabler for the creation of new markets and business
opportunities.

Despite these facts, many people think that the open source
movement is merely another temporary fashion in the software
industry. On the contrary, many other believe that changes caused by
open source will be so deep that they will completely shape the
software industry of the first decade of the 21st centuy. This
document tries to provide some facts, opinions and references, so that 
the reader can decide if all of this is just nonsense, or if it
deserves more and better study and consideration.

\end{abstract}

\vspace{5cm}

\begin{description}
\begin{changebar}
\item[] This is a living document, updated from time to time. If you
  want to get the latest `stable' release, you can download it.
\end{changebar}
\item[] The current version of this article is available at
\hturl{http://eu.conecta.it/}

\begin{changebar}
\item[] The copyright of this
article is shared by its authors. This article is
distributed under the OR~Magazine
License. An on-line copy of this license is available at
\hturl{http://www.openresources.com/magazine/license/}
It is also included here, for your convenience.

\item[] Copyright 1999,2000.

\section*{Licence}

{\em \large Start of OR Magazine License}

{\bf

This document may be freely read, stored, reproduced, disseminated,
translated or quoted by any means and on any medium provided the
following conditions are met:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Every reader or user of this document acknowledges that she is aware that
  no guarantee is given regarding its contents, on any account, and
  specifically concerning veracity, accuracy and fitness for any
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\item No modification is made other than cosmetic, change of representation
  format, translation, correction of obvious syntactic errors, or as permitted
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\item This licence is preserved and applies to the whole document with
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  representation format.

\item Any reference to the ``official version'', ``original version''
  or ``how to obtain original versions'' of the document is preserved
  verbatim. Any copyright notice in the document is preserved
  verbatim. Also, the title and author(s) of the original document
  should be clearly mentioned as such.

\item In the case of translations, verbatim sentences mentioned in (6.)
  are preserved in the language of the original document 
  accompanied by verbatim translations to the language of
  the translated document. All translations state clearly that the
  author is not responsible for the translated work.
  This license is
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\item Whatever the mode of storage, reproduction or dissemination, anyone able
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\item Redistributing this document to a third party requires simultaneous
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Any incompatibility of the above clauses with legal, contractual or judiciary
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reading, usage, or redistribution rights for this document, verbatim
or modified.

}

{\em \large End of OR Magazine License}

\end{changebar}

\end{description}

\newpage

\section*{Acknowledgements and contributions}

\begin{changebar}
Many people has contributed in one way or another to the writing of
this paper. Among them, let us cite Richard Stallman, and several
people of the {\it freesw mail} list\footnote{
  Should you be interested in subscribing to this list, follow
  directions available at \hturl{http://eu.conecta.it}
  }, which was set up for the discussion of this paper, and is now
used also for general discussions about free software issues.

Some contributions from specific people not in the working group are
the following:

\begin{itemize}
\item Franco Gasperoni provided much of the information regarding ACT
  and ACT Europe, used in the corresponding business case example.
\item Alain Roumiguier provided much of the information regarding Open 
  CASCADE and Matra Datavision,
  used in the corresponding business case example.
\end{itemize}
\end{changebar}

\newpage

\comments[jgb]{
  Story: \\
  0.1: First version, by Carlo. \\
  0.2: Reedited, and some parts augmented, by jgb. Included lots of
  comments by almost everybody. \\
  0.3: Added and merged some comments by Carlos and Laurent. \\
  0.4: Comments of the meeting of 1999.10.20 in Brussels. \\
  0.5: Some editing after the meeting (by jgb) \\
   .a. Libre software, and sometime free software now is open source
    software. The footnotes commenting on why we chose this term
    should be rewritten. Perhaps somebody which believes in the change
    more than me should do it ;-) \\
   .b. Merged sections 4 (charact.) and 6 (new development problems):
    ``Developing models''. \\
   .c. Merged sections 5 (economic model) and 7 (total cost...), which 
    becomes part of the former. \\
   .d. Merged decisions and suggestions of the meeting as comments \\
  0.6: Lots of editing by Carlo \\
  0.7: Some editing, by jgb. \\
   .a. Integrated notes by Werner on v. 0.3 (some of them were already
   integrated). \\
   .b. Some random corrections (mainly better use of LaTeX). \\
   .c. Some comments by Ben integrated. \\
  0.8: Some editing, by jgb. \\
   .a. Merged comments by Michel. \\
   .b. Some random corrections. \\
   .c. Added some bib cites. \\
  0.9: Some editing, by jgb \\
   .a. Some random corrections \\
  0.10: Some editing, by jgb \\
   .a. Some random corrections \\
   .b. Subsection on SCSL moved to section on what's libre software
   (it seems that it fits there better). I've also reduced this
   subsection, since it seemed to me that we were giving too much
   attention to a non libre license in a document devoted to libre
   software (from a general point of view, SCSL is just another
   proprietary licence, not that different, for instance, from ATT
   license on Unix). Of course, if there is a consensus on devoting
   more attention to SCSL, just let me know, and I will reinclude some 
   of the deleted text. \\
   .c. Some restructuration of the section on economics (section 5). \\
   .d. Some URLs for companies and projects added. Still a lot are
   missing. \\
   .e. Some more bib references. \\
   0.11: Some editing, by jgb \\
   .a. Section 5, on economy, is now completely revised \\
   .b. Sections 7. 8 and 9 joined together in a section on specific
   impacts. \\
   .c. Section 6 on scenarios has been partially reorganized. Read
   specially subsection on radical scenario, several opinions have been included ther, which I hope are backed by the group, but I
   could be wrong. \\
   .d. New subsection on collaboration and competition in the section
   on development models. Please, have a look at it, and tell me if
   you find it convenient. If not, I�ll delete it. \\
   .e. Section on recommendations is revised, I�ve rewritten some of
   them and added some others. Please, let me know your opinion. \\
   .f. I�ve added a section on conclusions. It should probably be
   rewritten. \\
   .g. Some random editing here and there. \\
   .0.12: Some editing, by jgb \\
   .a. Comments by Carlo and Michel included. \\
   .b. Abstract rewritten, based on that of Carlo. Please, check it
   carefully, it is perhaps too ambitious. \\
   .0.12d: Some editing, by Carlo \\
   .a. ispell passed to the whole document
   .b. Some random editing here and there. \\
   0.13: Some minor editing by jgb \\
   0.13b: Lots of corrections, by Ben \\
   1.0: First non-draft version. Work still in progress
   1.1a: Minor modifications here and there. \\
   .a Modifications and additions by Carlo (specially on the section
   about recommendations). \\
   .b Added a sentence about indicators, in recommendation about
   the study of economic and social impact (as suggested by Philippe) \\
   .c Verbatim copy of the license is included, as per suggestion of Richard 
   Stallman. \\
   .d A small section on acknowledgements and contributors have been
   opened. \\
   1.1a: Minor modifications here and there. All coments by rms
   included. \\
   1.1b: Version as of 23rd March, when the Workshop on Free Software
   in Brussels took place. \\
   1.1c: \\
   .a Some amendments, additions related to intellectual
   propriety and licences. \\
   .b Included reference to paper on how to fund free
   soft. development \\
   .c New appendix on business case examples. \\
   1.1d: \\
   .a Some fixes. \\
   .b Added cite to Naomi Hoffman article. \\
   1.2: \\
   .a Reorganization and partially rewriting of section on recommendations.\\
   .b Some more text on section on recommnedations. \\
   .c New recommendation (about training). \\
   .d New subsection about impact on less developed countries. \\
   .e Some rewritting of conclussions section.
   .f Some fixes and ispell passwd to the whole document.
   .h Some more references added.
  }



\comments[jgb]{Should we include a small glossary, with terms like
  ``libre'', ``open source'', ``hacker'', etc.?}

\newpage


\tableofcontents

\newpage



\input{introduction}

\input{history-open-source}

\input{what-is-open-source}

\input{development-models}

\input{new-economic-models}

\input{intellectual-property}

\input{specific-impacts}

\input{possible-scenarios}

\input{recommendations}

\input{conclussions}


\newpage

\appendix

\input{licenses-verbatim}

\input{business-cases}

\input{libre-projects}

\input{dates-libre-software}


%%------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%------------------------------------------------------------------------

%%\section{Recent notes}

\comments[Laurent's draft]{
  (perhaps press coverage and such) about the impact of open source
  software. I mean, for instance, Red Hat's IPO, facturation and
  projected facturation of Red Hat, Suse, etc., use of open source 
  software in such and such company, notes on Apache, Debian, KDE,GNOME
  or other large open source software projects, etc. 
}

\newpage
\nocite{lang:free-resources-independent:97}
\nocite{bollier:power-openness:99}

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\end{document}